Adaface Sample Critical Thinking Questions

A pharmaceutical company claims that their new drug, Xylanex, is highly effective in treating a specific medical condition. They provide statistical data from a clinical trial to support their claim. However, a group of scientists has raised concerns about the validity of the study design and potential bias in the data collection process. They argue that the results may be inflated and not truly representative of the drug's effectiveness.
            
            Which of the following assumptions is necessary to support the pharmaceutical company's claim?

A: The clinical trial participants were randomly selected and representative of the target population.
            B: The scientists raising concerns have a conflict of interest and are biased against the pharmaceutical company.
            C: The statistical analysis of the clinical trial data was conducted by independent experts.
            D: The medical condition being treated by Xylanex is widespread and affects a large number of individuals.
            E: The pharmaceutical company has a proven track record of developing effective drugs for similar medical conditions.

Emma's cafe has been operating successfully for the last 6 years. Profits have been growing every year, with this year (2020) being their best year so far. As a thank you, Emma treated her staff to a meal at a Michelin star restaurant. 

Below are 3 statements about Emma, her staff and her cafe. Can you help us decide whether the 3 statements are "True", "Probably True", "Insufficient Data to Say True or False", "Probably False", or "False".
            
            1. Emma's staff members are happy.
            2. Emma's cafe did well in 2016.
            3. Emma is rich.
            
            A: True
            B: False
            C: Probably True
            D: Probably False
            E: Insufficient Data

Statement: Ivory started a new startup. We know for a fact that almost all startups fail within the first 2 years. 
            Conclusion: Ivory's startup will fail.
            Does the conclusion follow from the statement?