R Interview Questions and Answers (2023)

Seq(4) means vector from 1 to 4 (c(1,2,3,4)) whereas seq_along(4) means a vector of the length(4) or 1(c(1)).

It is used for experimental design .It is used to determine the effect of given sample size.

The event will be dispatched to your delegate for processing.

UIWindow object coordinates the one or more views presenting on the screen.

GGobi is an open source program for visualization for exploring high dimensional typed data.

lattice package is to improve on base R graphics by giving better defaults and it have the ability to easily display multivariate relationships.

Data structures are vectors, arrays, data frames and matrices.

It is used to check the normality, heteroscedasticity and influential observations.

It is used to measure the relative importance of each of the predictor in the model.

It provides a library of robust methods including regression.

It includes number of techniques which is used for modeling the time to an event.

MASS functions include those functions which performs linear and quadratic discriminant function analysis.

It provides the functions which are used for automatic selection of ARIMA and exponential models.

CFA stands for Confirmatory Factor Analysis.

Cluster is a group of objects that belongs to the same class. Clustering is the process of making a group of abstract objects into classes of similar objects.

Let us see why clustering is required in data analysis:

• Scalability − We need highly scalable clustering algorithms to deal with large databases.
• Ability to deal with different kinds of attributes − Algorithms should be capable of being applied to any kind of data such as interval-based (numerical) data, categorical, and binary data.
• Discovery of clusters with attribute shape − The clustering algorithm should be capable of detecting clusters of arbitrary shape. They should not be bounded to only distance measures that tend to find spherical cluster of small sizes.
• High dimensionality − The clustering algorithm should not only be able to handle low-dimensional data but also the high dimensional space.
• Ability to deal with noisy data − Databases contain noisy, missing or erroneous data. Some algorithms are sensitive to such data and may lead to poor quality clusters.
• Interpretability − The clustering results should be interpret-able, comprehensible, and usable.

K-means clustering is a well known partitioning method. In this method objects are classified as belonging to one of K-groups. The results of partitioning method are a set of K clusters, each object of data set belonging to one cluster. In each cluster there may be a centroid or a cluster representative. In the case where we consider real-valued data, the arithmetic mean of the attribute vectors for all objects within a cluster provides an appropriate representative; alternative types of centroid may be required in other cases.

Example: A cluster of documents can be represented by a list of those keywords that occur in some minimum number of documents within a cluster. If the number of the clusters is large, the centroids can be further clustered to produce hierarchy within a dataset. K-means is a data mining algorithm which performs clustering of the data samples. In order to cluster the database, K-means algorithm uses an iterative approach.

This method creates a hierarchical decomposition of the given set of data objects. We can classify hierarchical methods on the basis of how the hierarchical decomposition is formed. There are two approaches here:

Agglomerative Approach:

This approach is also known as the bottom-up approach. In this, we start with each object forming a separate group. It keeps on merging the objects or groups that are close to one another. It keeps on doing so until all of the groups are merged into one or until the termination condition holds.

Divisive Approach:

This approach is also known as the top-down approach. In this, we start with all of the objects in the same cluster. In the continuous iteration, a cluster is split up into smaller clusters. It is down until each object in one cluster or the termination condition holds. This method is rigid, i.e., once a merging or splitting is done, it can never be undone.

Conceptually, factors are variables in R which take on a limited number of different values; such variables are often referred to as categorical variables. One of the most important use of factors is in statistical modeling; since categorical variables enter into statistical models differently than continuous variables, storing data as factors ensures that the modeling functions will treat such data correctly.

All you need to do is use the “read.csv()” function and specify the path of the file.

house<-read.csv("C:/Users/John/Desktop/house.csv")

Broadly speaking these are different components in grammar of graphics:

• Data layer
• Aesthetics layer
• Geometry layer
• Facet layer
• Co-ordinate layer
• Themes layer

RMarkdown is a reporting tool provided by R. With the help of Rmarkdown, you can create high quality reports of your R code.

The output format of Rmarkdown can be:

• HTML
• PDF
• WORD

These are some packages in R which can used for data imputation

• MICE
• Amelia
• missForest
• Hmisc
• Mi
• imputeR

Functions in dplyr package:

• filter
• select
• mutate
• arrange
• count

Some packages used for data mining in R:

• data.table- provides fast reading of large files.
• rpart and caret- for machine learning models.
• Arules- for associaltion rule learning.
• GGplot- provides varios data visualization plots.
• tm- to perform text mining.
• Forecast- provides functions for time series analysis.

It is used to determine that the means of two groups are equal or not by using t.test() function.

Subset() is used to select the variables and observations and sample() function is used to generate a random sample of the size n from a dataset.

In 32 bit system memory limit is 3Gb but most versions limited to 2Gb and in 64 bit system memory limit is 8Tb.

In R NaN is used to represent impossible values.

order() function is used to perform the sorting.